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(1) ³qŪ¥þ¤å¡C³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¥Øªº¦b¤_±q¾ãÅé¤W§â´¤¾ã½g¤å³¹ªº¤º®e¡A²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À»P¤å³¹¨ä¥L³¡¤À¤§¶¡ªº»yªk»PÅÞ¿èÃö¨t¡C¦b¬q¸¨¤¤­n·d²M¹º½uªº¥y¤l©M¨ä¥L¥y¤l¤§¶¡ªºÃö¨t, ¯S§O­n§Ë²M¥Nµüit, they, them, this, that, these, those other©Ò«ü¥Nªºµü©Îµü²Õ¡C³o¨Çµü©Mµü²Õ¦³®É¦b¹º½uªº³¡¤À´N¯à§ä¨ì¡A¦³®É«h­n¨ì«e­±¦³Ãöªº¥y¤l¤¤¥h§ä¡A³o¼Ëªº¨Ò¤l¦b¤µ¦~ªº¸ÕÃD¤¤¬O«Ü¦hªº¡C¦p: 92¦~ªº­^Ķº~¦ÒÃD²Ä¤@¤pÃDªº­^¤å¬°: There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. ¦b¸Ó¥y¤l¤¤¦³the term¤@µü, ¨º¤\¥¦«ü¥Nªº¬O¤°¤\©O? ¥u¦³³q¹L¾\Ū¤W¤U¤å¤~¯à·d²M·¡, ¦Ó¦³ªº¦Ò¥Í¥u¬O³æ¯Â¦a§â¥¦Â½Ä¶¬°¡§³o¤@³N»y¡¨, ¦ý¬O,¦b¼Ð·Çµª®×¤¤, ¸Óµü³Q½Ķ¦¨¡§´¼¤O¡¨, ¦]¬°³q¹L¤W¤U¤å§Ú­Ì«Ü®e©ö¦a¬Ý¥X¥¦«üªº¬O¡§´¼¤O¡¨³o¤@³N»y¡C¦A¤ñ¦p¦b93¦~ªº¦ÒÃD¤¤ªº­^Ķº~³¡¤Àªº²Ä¤GÃDªº¥y¤l¬°¡§It is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. ¡¨

¦b³o­Ó¥y¤l¤¤¡A the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latterµ¥ªº§t¸q³£¬O¦b§â´¤¥þ¤åªº°ò¦¤§¤W¤~¯à´x´¤ªº¡A¤]¥u¦³³o¼Ë§Ú­Ì¤~¯à°µ¥X¥¿½TªºÂ½Ä¶¡C¥Ø«e¥«³õ¤Wªº¤@¨Ç´_²ß«ü¾É®Ñ¥D±i¦Ò¥Í¤£¥Î³qŪ¥þ¤å¡A§Ú­Ì»{¬°³o¬O«Ü¤£¥i¨úªº¡A¦]¬°©t¥ß¦a¾\Ū¹º½u³¡¤Àªº­^»y¡A©¹©¹µLªk²z¸Ñ¸Ó³¡¤Àªº¯u¥¿§t¸q¡C¤@½g¦nªº¤å³¹, ¨ä«e¦Zªº·N«ä³£¤¬¬ÛÃöÁp, ¨ã¦³«Ü±jªºÅÞ¿è©Ê, ¤@­Ó³æµü©Î¥y¤l¥u¦³¦b¨ãÅ骺¤W¤U¤å¤¤¤~¯àÅé²{¥X½T¤Áªº§t¸q¨Ó, ³o´N¬O¬°¤°¤\§Ú­Ì¦³®É¬Ý§¹¤@¥»®Ñ©Î¤@½g¤å³¹¤§¦Z¤~¹ï¤W¤å¤¤ªº¬Y­ÓÃø¥H²z¸Ñªº¦a¤è¡§«éµM¤j®©¡¨¡C¦]¦¹,¤W¤U¤å¯àÀ°§U§Ú­Ì¥¿½Tªº²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À, ³qŪ¥þ¤å¬O«Ü­«­nªº¡C¦ý¬O, ¦b³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¹Lµ{¤¤À³¸Óª`·N¡A¹ï«D¹º½uªº³¡¤À¤£­nªá¶O®É¶¡¹L¦h¡A¹ï¤_¨ä¤¤¤@¨Ç¤£¤Ó®e©ö²z¸Ñªº¤º®e¤]¤£¥²¤Ó¦b·N¡A¥u¬O·d²M¤jÅé·N¸q§Y¥i¡C¦]¬°³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¥Øªº¦b¤_À°§U¦Û¤v²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À, ¥u­n¯à§â¸Ó³¡¤À²z¸Ñ³z¹ý¤]´N¨¬°÷¤F¡C

(2) ¤ÀªR¹º½u³¡¤Àªº¥y¤lµ²ºc¡C¤¤°êªº­^»y¾Ç²ßªÌ©¹©¹¨ã¦³«D±`¦nªº­^»y»yªkª¾ÃÑ¡A¦b°µÂ½Ä¶¸ÕÃD®É¤]À³¥R¤Àµo´§©M§Q¥Î³o¤@Àu¶Õ¡C±qªñ¦~¨Óªº¬ã¨s¥Í¤J¾Ç¸ÕÃD¨Ó¬Ý¡A¹º½uªº³¡¤À¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡µ²ºc¥y¤l³£¤ñ¸û´_Âø¡C¨Ò¦p, 1994¦~ªº²Ä¤G¤pÃD, ¡§In short, a leader of the new school contends, ¡¨the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.¹³³o¼Ë´_Âøªº¥y¤l¦pªG¤£·d²M·¡¥¦ªº»yªkµ²ºc, «ÜÃø¹F¨ì¥¿½T§¹¾ã¦a²z¸Ñ­ì¤åªº­n¨D¡C¦b¤ÀªR¹º½uªº³¡¤Àªº¥y¤lµ²ºc®É¡A§Ú­Ì­nª`·N­º¥ý§â¥y¤lªº¥D»y¡B¿×»y©M»«»y§ä¥X¨Ó¡A³o¼Ë¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc¤]´N²M·¡¤F¡A¦b¤ÀªR¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc®ÉÁÙÀ³¸Ó¤¤¦¨¤À¬O§_¦³¬Ù²¤ªº¦a¤è¡A¥D¥y©M±q¥y¤§¶¡ªºÃö¨t¬O§_©ú½Tµ¥µ¥¡A¦b¦¹§Ú­Ì¦A¦¸´£¿ô¦Ò¥Íª`·N¡A¥¿½T¦a§â´¤¥y¤lªºµ²ºc¬O¶i¦æ¥¿½T¦a½ĶªºÃöÁä¡A¦pªG³s¥y¤lµ²ºcÁÙ¨S¦³·d²M·¡¡A´N¥^¦£¦a°Êµ§Â½Ä¶¡AªÖ©w¬O¤£·|¦³¦nªºµ²ªGªº¡A¦b©¹©¡ªº¦Ò¥Í¤¤¡A³o¼Ëªº±Ð°V¹ð¨£¤£ÂA¡C¤U­±§Ú­Ì¥H1996¦~ºÓ¤h¬ã¨s¥Í¤J¾Ç¦Ò¸Õ­^»y¸ÕÃDªº²Ä72ÃD¨Ó»¡©ú¥y¤lµ²ºcªº¤ÀªR¤èªk¡G
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

³o¬O¤@­Ó²³æ¥y¡A¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc¬°This trend began during the Second World War, when¡K, when¬O¤@­ÓÃö¨t°Æµü¡A¦b³o­Ó¥y¤l¤¤¤Þ¾É¤F¤@­Ó«D­­¨î©Ê©w»y±q¥y¡A­×¹¢«e­±ªº¦Wµüthe Second World War¡C¦Ó¦bwhen¤Þ¾Éªº©w»y±q¥y¤¤¡A¥D¥y¬Oseveral governments came to the conclusion ¡K, that¤Þ¾É¤F¤@­Ó¦P¦ì»y±q¥y¡A°µconclusionªº¦P¦ì»y¡C¦b³o­Ó¦P¦ì»y±q¥y¤¤¡A¥D¥y¬Othe specific demands¡K cannot generally be foreseen¡K, that¬OÃö¨t¥Nµü¤Þ¾É¤F¤@­Ó©w»y±q¥y¡A­×¹¢«e­±ªº¦Wµüdemands¡C³o¼Ë³q¹L§Ú­Ì¶i¦æ¸Ô²Óªº¤ÀªR¡A¦b·d²M·¡¥y¤lªº¨ãÅéµ²ºc¤§¦Z¡A¦b°Êµ§Â½Ä¶¤]´N²³æ¦h¤F¡C¤]¥u¦³¹º²M¥y¬[µ²ºc¡A§Ú­Ì¤~¯àª¾¹D¦p¦ó½Ķ¡C¨Ò¦p¤W¥y¤¤¦pªG§Ú­Ì§âwhen§@¬°ª¬»y±q¥y¡AĶ¦¨¡§·í¡K¡K®É­Ô¡¨´N­n³Q¦©±¼0úP5¤À¡C¦pªG§âdemand·í¦¨°Êµü¡A¤]­n¦©0.5¤À¡C

ª`·N¤ÀªR¥y¤l(3) ²z¸Ñ¤ÀªR¹º½u³¡¤Àªº§t¸q¡C¦Ò¥Í¤£¶È­n§Ë²M¥y¤l¤¤©Ò¦³¹êµü©Mµêµüªºµü¶×·N¸q, ÁÙ­n²z¸Ñ¥þ¥yªº¾ãÅé·N¸q¡C²z¸Ñ¥y¤lªº¨Ì¾Ú°£¤F¥y¤l¥»¨­¤§¥~, ÁÙ¦³¸Ó¥y¤l©Ò³Bªº¨ãÅ骺»y¨¥Àô¹Ò¡C¦b¦¹¶¥¬qÀ³²M·¡¤U¦C°ÝÃD: A. ¥y¤l¤¤¬O§_§t¦³¥Nµü©M¨ä¥L¨ã¦³«ü¥N·N¸qªºµü, ¦pªG¦³, À³®Ú¾Ú¤W¤U¤å½T©w¥¦­Ì«ü¥Nªº¤º®e¬O¤°¤\; B. ¥y¤l¤¤ªºµu»y©M¤@¨Ç±`¥Îªºµü©¹©¹¨ã¦³¦hºØ§t¸q©M¥Îªk, ¨º¤\, ¦b¸Ó¥y¤¤¥¦­Ìªº¨ãÅé§t¸q¬O¤°¤\; C. «ö·Ó§Aªº²z¸Ñ, ¸Ó³¡¤Àªº·N¸q¬O§_»P¥þ½g¤å³¹ªº¤º®e¤@­P, ¦³µL¬Û¤¬¥Ù¬Þ¡CÁ`¤§, ¦b°Ê¤â½Ķ¤§«e, ­º¥ý­nŪÀ´­ì¤å, ¤£­n¤@¤W¨Ó´N«æ¤_°Ê¤â½Ķ, ³o¼Ë°µ©¹©¹·|¥X²{¤@ºØ±¡ªp: ¸ÓÃD§Ö­n½Ķ§¹¤F, ²rµM¤Sµo²{¦Û¤v²z¸Ñ¦³»~,°¨¤W´N«æ¦£­×§ï, ·dªº¨÷­±¤W¤@¶ò½kÒ\, ¦Ó¥B«Ü®e©ö¦£¤¤¥X¿ù, §â¥»À³®³¨ìªº¤À¼Æ¥á±¼¤F, ³o¬O«D±`¥O¤H¥i±¤ªº¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¬Y¦~ªº­^Ķº~¸ÕÃD¤¤¦³³o¼Ë¤@¥y­n¨D½Ķªº¥y¤l: The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing. ¤@¦ì¦Ò¥Í§â¥¦Â½Ä¶¦¨¡§¨Ï¥Î­ì®Æªº¯à¤O¨ú¨M¤_¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¦]¯À, ¨Ò¦p,±µªñªº¤èªk, ´£¨úªº¤èªk©M¥[¤u§Þ³N¡C¡¨ «ÜÅãµM, ³o¬°¦Ò¥Í¦}¥¼§¹¥þ²z¸Ñ³o¥y¸Üªº·N«ä, ­ì¤å¦C¥Xªº¤T­Ó¦]¯À, ¬O«üÀò±o¬YºØ­ì§÷®Æªº¤T­Ó¹Lµ{, §Y±´Äq¡B¶}ªö©M§M·Ò, ¦]¦¹, ¡¨means of access¡¨, ¡§methods of extraction¡¨ ©M¡§techniques of processing¡¨ À³¸Ó¤À§OĶ¬°¡§à¹±´¤â¬q¡¨¡B¡§¶}ªö¤èªk¡¨©M¡§§M·Ò§Þ³N¡¨, ¨º¤\, ¾ã­Ó¥y¤l´N¥i½Ķ¬°¡§§Q¥Î¤@ºØ­ì§÷®Æ¯à¤Oªº¤j¤p¨ú¨M¤_¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¦]¯À, ¤ñ¦p,๱´¤â¬q¡B ¶}ªö¤èªk©M§M·Ò§Þ³N¡C¡¨

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