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(1) ³qŪ¥þ¤å¡C³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¥Øªº¦b¤_±q¾ãÅé¤W§â´¤¾ã½g¤å³¹ªº¤º®e¡A²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À»P¤å³¹¨ä¥L³¡¤À¤§¶¡ªº»yªk»PÅÞ¿èÃö¨t¡C¦b¬q¸¨¤¤n·d²M¹º½uªº¥y¤l©M¨ä¥L¥y¤l¤§¶¡ªºÃö¨t, ¯S§On§Ë²M¥Nµüit, they, them, this, that, these, those other©Ò«ü¥Nªºµü©Îµü²Õ¡C³o¨Çµü©Mµü²Õ¦³®É¦b¹º½uªº³¡¤À´N¯à§ä¨ì¡A¦³®É«hn¨ì«e±¦³Ãöªº¥y¤l¤¤¥h§ä¡A³o¼Ëªº¨Ò¤l¦b¤µ¦~ªº¸ÕÃD¤¤¬O«Ü¦hªº¡C¦p: 92¦~ªº^Ķº~¦ÒÃD²Ä¤@¤pÃDªº^¤å¬°: There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. ¦b¸Ó¥y¤l¤¤¦³the term¤@µü, ¨º¤\¥¦«ü¥Nªº¬O¤°¤\©O? ¥u¦³³q¹L¾\Ū¤W¤U¤å¤~¯à·d²M·¡, ¦Ó¦³ªº¦Ò¥Í¥u¬O³æ¯Â¦a§â¥¦Â½Ä¶¬°¡§³o¤@³N»y¡¨, ¦ý¬O,¦b¼Ð·Çµª®×¤¤, ¸Óµü³Q½Ķ¦¨¡§´¼¤O¡¨, ¦]¬°³q¹L¤W¤U¤å§ÚÌ«Ü®e©ö¦a¬Ý¥X¥¦«üªº¬O¡§´¼¤O¡¨³o¤@³N»y¡C¦A¤ñ¦p¦b93¦~ªº¦ÒÃD¤¤ªº^Ķº~³¡¤Àªº²Ä¤GÃDªº¥y¤l¬°¡§It is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. ¡¨
¦b³oÓ¥y¤l¤¤¡A the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latterµ¥ªº§t¸q³£¬O¦b§â´¤¥þ¤åªº°ò¦¤§¤W¤~¯à´x´¤ªº¡A¤]¥u¦³³o¼Ë§Ṳ́~¯à°µ¥X¥¿½TªºÂ½Ä¶¡C¥Ø«e¥«³õ¤Wªº¤@¨Ç´_²ß«ü¾É®Ñ¥D±i¦Ò¥Í¤£¥Î³qŪ¥þ¤å¡A§ÚÌ»{¬°³o¬O«Ü¤£¥i¨úªº¡A¦]¬°©t¥ß¦a¾\Ū¹º½u³¡¤Àªº^»y¡A©¹©¹µLªk²z¸Ñ¸Ó³¡¤Àªº¯u¥¿§t¸q¡C¤@½g¦nªº¤å³¹, ¨ä«e¦Zªº·N«ä³£¤¬¬ÛÃöÁp, ¨ã¦³«Ü±jªºÅÞ¿è©Ê, ¤@Ó³æµü©Î¥y¤l¥u¦³¦b¨ãÅ骺¤W¤U¤å¤¤¤~¯àÅé²{¥X½T¤Áªº§t¸q¨Ó, ³o´N¬O¬°¤°¤\§Ú̦³®É¬Ý§¹¤@¥»®Ñ©Î¤@½g¤å³¹¤§¦Z¤~¹ï¤W¤å¤¤ªº¬YÓÃø¥H²z¸Ñªº¦a¤è¡§«éµM¤j®©¡¨¡C¦]¦¹,¤W¤U¤å¯àÀ°§U§ÚÌ¥¿½Tªº²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À, ³qŪ¥þ¤å¬O«Ü«nªº¡C¦ý¬O, ¦b³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¹Lµ{¤¤À³¸Óª`·N¡A¹ï«D¹º½uªº³¡¤À¤£nªá¶O®É¶¡¹L¦h¡A¹ï¤_¨ä¤¤¤@¨Ç¤£¤Ó®e©ö²z¸Ñªº¤º®e¤]¤£¥²¤Ó¦b·N¡A¥u¬O·d²M¤jÅé·N¸q§Y¥i¡C¦]¬°³qŪ¥þ¤åªº¥Øªº¦b¤_À°§U¦Û¤v²z¸Ñ¹º½uªº³¡¤À, ¥un¯à§â¸Ó³¡¤À²z¸Ñ³z¹ý¤]´N¨¬°÷¤F¡C
(2) ¤ÀªR¹º½u³¡¤Àªº¥y¤lµ²ºc¡C¤¤°êªº^»y¾Ç²ßªÌ©¹©¹¨ã¦³«D±`¦nªº^»y»yªkª¾ÃÑ¡A¦b°µÂ½Ä¶¸ÕÃD®É¤]À³¥R¤Àµo´§©M§Q¥Î³o¤@Àu¶Õ¡C±qªñ¦~¨Óªº¬ã¨s¥Í¤J¾Ç¸ÕÃD¨Ó¬Ý¡A¹º½uªº³¡¤À¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡µ²ºc¥y¤l³£¤ñ¸û´_Âø¡C¨Ò¦p, 1994¦~ªº²Ä¤G¤pÃD, ¡§In short, a leader of the new school contends, ¡¨the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.¹³³o¼Ë´_Âøªº¥y¤l¦pªG¤£·d²M·¡¥¦ªº»yªkµ²ºc, «ÜÃø¹F¨ì¥¿½T§¹¾ã¦a²z¸Ñì¤åªºn¨D¡C¦b¤ÀªR¹º½uªº³¡¤Àªº¥y¤lµ²ºc®É¡A§ÚÌnª`·Nº¥ý§â¥y¤lªº¥D»y¡B¿×»y©M»«»y§ä¥X¨Ó¡A³o¼Ë¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc¤]´N²M·¡¤F¡A¦b¤ÀªR¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc®ÉÁÙÀ³¸Ó¤¤¦¨¤À¬O§_¦³¬Ù²¤ªº¦a¤è¡A¥D¥y©M±q¥y¤§¶¡ªºÃö¨t¬O§_©ú½Tµ¥µ¥¡A¦b¦¹§Ú̦A¦¸´£¿ô¦Ò¥Íª`·N¡A¥¿½T¦a§â´¤¥y¤lªºµ²ºc¬O¶i¦æ¥¿½T¦a½ĶªºÃöÁä¡A¦pªG³s¥y¤lµ²ºcÁÙ¨S¦³·d²M·¡¡A´N¥^¦£¦a°Êµ§Â½Ä¶¡AªÖ©w¬O¤£·|¦³¦nªºµ²ªGªº¡A¦b©¹©¡ªº¦Ò¥Í¤¤¡A³o¼Ëªº±Ð°V¹ð¨£¤£ÂA¡C¤U±§ÚÌ¥H1996¦~ºÓ¤h¬ã¨s¥Í¤J¾Ç¦Ò¸Õ^»y¸ÕÃDªº²Ä72ÃD¨Ó»¡©ú¥y¤lµ²ºcªº¤ÀªR¤èªk¡G This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
³o¬O¤@Ó²³æ¥y¡A¥y¤lªº°©¤zµ²ºc¬°This trend began during the Second World War, when¡K, when¬O¤@ÓÃö¨t°Æµü¡A¦b³oÓ¥y¤l¤¤¤Þ¾É¤F¤@Ó«D¨î©Ê©w»y±q¥y¡A×¹¢«e±ªº¦Wµüthe Second World War¡C¦Ó¦bwhen¤Þ¾Éªº©w»y±q¥y¤¤¡A¥D¥y¬Oseveral governments came to the conclusion ¡K, that¤Þ¾É¤F¤@Ó¦P¦ì»y±q¥y¡A°µconclusionªº¦P¦ì»y¡C¦b³oÓ¦P¦ì»y±q¥y¤¤¡A¥D¥y¬Othe specific demands¡K cannot generally be foreseen¡K, that¬OÃö¨t¥Nµü¤Þ¾É¤F¤@Ó©w»y±q¥y¡A×¹¢«e±ªº¦Wµüdemands¡C³o¼Ë³q¹L§Ú̶i¦æ¸Ô²Óªº¤ÀªR¡A¦b·d²M·¡¥y¤lªº¨ãÅéµ²ºc¤§¦Z¡A¦b°Êµ§Â½Ä¶¤]´N²³æ¦h¤F¡C¤]¥u¦³¹º²M¥y¬[µ²ºc¡A§Ṳ́~¯àª¾¹D¦p¦ó½Ķ¡C¨Ò¦p¤W¥y¤¤¦pªG§Ú̧âwhen§@¬°ª¬»y±q¥y¡AĶ¦¨¡§·í¡K¡K®ÉÔ¡¨´Nn³Q¦©±¼0úP5¤À¡C¦pªG§âdemand·í¦¨°Êµü¡A¤]n¦©0.5¤À¡C
ª`·N¤ÀªR¥y¤l(3) ²z¸Ñ¤ÀªR¹º½u³¡¤Àªº§t¸q¡C¦Ò¥Í¤£¶Èn§Ë²M¥y¤l¤¤©Ò¦³¹êµü©Mµêµüªºµü¶×·N¸q, ÁÙn²z¸Ñ¥þ¥yªº¾ãÅé·N¸q¡C²z¸Ñ¥y¤lªº¨Ì¾Ú°£¤F¥y¤l¥»¨¤§¥~, ÁÙ¦³¸Ó¥y¤l©Ò³Bªº¨ãÅ骺»y¨¥Àô¹Ò¡C¦b¦¹¶¥¬qÀ³²M·¡¤U¦C°ÝÃD: A. ¥y¤l¤¤¬O§_§t¦³¥Nµü©M¨ä¥L¨ã¦³«ü¥N·N¸qªºµü, ¦pªG¦³, À³®Ú¾Ú¤W¤U¤å½T©w¥¦Ì«ü¥Nªº¤º®e¬O¤°¤\; B. ¥y¤l¤¤ªºµu»y©M¤@¨Ç±`¥Îªºµü©¹©¹¨ã¦³¦hºØ§t¸q©M¥Îªk, ¨º¤\, ¦b¸Ó¥y¤¤¥¦Ìªº¨ãÅé§t¸q¬O¤°¤\; C. «ö·Ó§Aªº²z¸Ñ, ¸Ó³¡¤Àªº·N¸q¬O§_»P¥þ½g¤å³¹ªº¤º®e¤@P, ¦³µL¬Û¤¬¥Ù¬Þ¡CÁ`¤§, ¦b°Ê¤â½Ķ¤§«e, º¥ýnŪÀ´ì¤å, ¤£n¤@¤W¨Ó´N«æ¤_°Ê¤â½Ķ, ³o¼Ë°µ©¹©¹·|¥X²{¤@ºØ±¡ªp: ¸ÓÃD§Ön½Ķ§¹¤F, ²rµM¤Sµo²{¦Û¤v²z¸Ñ¦³»~,°¨¤W´N«æ¦£×§ï, ·dªº¨÷±¤W¤@¶ò½kÒ\, ¦Ó¥B«Ü®e©ö¦£¤¤¥X¿ù, §â¥»À³®³¨ìªº¤À¼Æ¥á±¼¤F, ³o¬O«D±`¥O¤H¥i±¤ªº¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¬Y¦~ªº^Ķº~¸ÕÃD¤¤¦³³o¼Ë¤@¥yn¨D½Ķªº¥y¤l: The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing. ¤@¦ì¦Ò¥Í§â¥¦Â½Ä¶¦¨¡§¨Ï¥Îì®Æªº¯à¤O¨ú¨M¤_¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¦]¯À, ¨Ò¦p,±µªñªº¤èªk, ´£¨úªº¤èªk©M¥[¤u§Þ³N¡C¡¨ «ÜÅãµM, ³o¬°¦Ò¥Í¦}¥¼§¹¥þ²z¸Ñ³o¥y¸Üªº·N«ä, ì¤å¦C¥Xªº¤TÓ¦]¯À, ¬O«üÀò±o¬YºØì§÷®Æªº¤TÓ¹Lµ{, §Y±´Äq¡B¶}ªö©M§M·Ò, ¦]¦¹, ¡¨means of access¡¨, ¡§methods of extraction¡¨ ©M¡§techniques of processing¡¨ À³¸Ó¤À§OĶ¬°¡§à¹±´¤â¬q¡¨¡B¡§¶}ªö¤èªk¡¨©M¡§§M·Ò§Þ³N¡¨, ¨º¤\, ¾ãÓ¥y¤l´N¥i½Ķ¬°¡§§Q¥Î¤@ºØì§÷®Æ¯à¤Oªº¤j¤p¨ú¨M¤_¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¦]¯À, ¤ñ¦p,๱´¤â¬q¡B ¶}ªö¤èªk©M§M·Ò§Þ³N¡C¡¨
¤G¡Bªí ¹F ªí¹F´N¬OĶªÌ§â¦Û¤v±q^»yì¤å²z¸Ñªº¤º®e¥Îº~»yªí¹F¥X¨Ó, ªí¹Fªº¦nÃa¨ú¨M»PĶªÌ¹ï¤_^»yì¤åªº²z¸Ñµ{«×¥H¤Îº~»yªº×¾i¤ô¥¡C²z¸Ñ¬Oªí¹Fªº°ò¦¡A ªí¹F¬O²z¸Ñªºµ²ªG¡A¦ý¬O²z¸Ñ¥¿½T¦}¤£·N¨ýµÛ¤@©w·|¦³¥¿½Tªºªí¹F¡A³\¦h¦Ò¥Í¤Ï¬M¡A¦³®É¹ïì¤å²z¸Ñ¤§¦ZÁÙ¤£ª¾¦p¦ó¥Îº~»yªí¹F¡A´N¥R¤À»¡©ú¤F³o¤@ÂI¡A ¦]¬°¦bªí¹F¤WÁÙ¦s¦b³\¦h¨ãÅ骺¤èªk©M§Þ¥©¡CÃö¤_³o¨Ç¤èªk©M§Þ¥©§Ú̱N¦b¦Z±¸Ô²Ó½×z, ¦b¦¹§ÚÌ¥u¬O¤¶²Ð¨â¤¤°ò¥»ªºÂ½Ä¶¤èªk: ª½Ä¶©M·NĶ¡C
(1) ª½Ä¶¡C©Ò¿×ª½Ä¶, ´N¬O¦bĶ¤å»y¨¥±ø¥ó³\¥i®É, ¦bĶ¤å¤¤¬J«O«ùì¤åªº¤º®e, ¤S«O«ùì¤åªº§Î¦¡¡C¦bº~»y©M^»y¨âºØ»y¨¥¤¤¦s¦bµÛ³\¦h¦@¦P¤§³B¡A¦b¹ï¤_³\¦h^»y¥y¤lªºÂ½Ä¶¹Lµ{¤¤, §¹¥þ¥i¥Hªö¨úª½Ä¶ªº¤èªk, ³o¼Ë¥i¥HÀò±o¤@Á|¨â±o¤§¥\®Ä, ¬J«O«ù¤Fì¤åªºµ²ºc, ¤S¥¿½Tªí¹F¤Fì¤åªº¤º®e¡C¦ý¬Oª½Ä¶¤£¬O¦ºÄ¶©MµwĶ,¶H¡§It is asserted that ¡K;It is believed that ¡K¡¨³o¤@Ãþªºµ²ºc, ¦pªGª½Ä¶¹L¨Ó¨º´N¤£Û¤£Ãþ¤F¡C
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